Reforestation, livelihoods and income equality: Lessons learned from China's Conversion of Cropland to Forest Program
نویسندگان
چکیده
Despite global momentum in restoration activities, their socio-economic implications are little studied. Thus far, the limited evidence available tends to overlook equity and equality outcomes. In this work, we aimed at investigating fairness within Chinese Conversion of Cropland Forest Program (CCFP), given relevance local people's support for long-term success land inherent belief that should be pursued also by environmental policies. Additionally, propose a methodology investigate equality, from quantitative perspective. Our results suggested shift overall households' economic structure, with main changes being decrease farming activities (−44 pp) sharp increase out-migration (+44 pp), most significant variation lowest income groups (−57 pp + 75 pp, respectively). We observed both (the Gini coefficient decreased 23%) (higher low-income groups) improved, best enhancement happened regions where CCFP has been implemented longer time. Moreover, data showed driver inequality was deriving remittances, before after implementation (with concentration equal 1.1 1.0, respectively) but its effect over time suggesting an opportunities lower-income households. Finally, found level participation holds quite strong explanatory power on-farm off-farm (explaining 19% 18% respective variability).
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Land Degradation & Development
سال: 2023
ISSN: ['1085-3278', '1099-145X']
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.4651